One of Bulgaria’s most successful rulers, who led the country out of an almost 40-year political crisis, was Khan Kardam (735–803). He strengthened the authority of the state and achieved numerous military victories against Byzantium.

In 792, Emperor Constantine VI launched a military campaign and reached the fortress of Markeli (near present-day Karnobat). Kardam positioned his troops on the nearby heights and waited for the Byzantines. Constantine VI hastily decided to engage in battle, encouraged by his soothsayers, who assured him that victory would be his.

On 20 July 792, the Emperor deployed his army on the plain, but its formations became disorganised during the manoeuvre. Then, as Theophanes reports, he “attacked in disorder” and suffered a complete defeat. Not only soldiers but also military commanders were killed, including the “false prophet” who had foretold the Emperor’s victory. Kardam captured the entire enemy baggage train, together with the imperial tent and its attendants. The young and inexperienced Emperor barely managed to escape and flee back to the capital.

Soon afterwards, the two rulers entered into negotiations and signed a treaty under which the Byzantine Empire agreed to pay an annual tribute to the Bulgarians.

Kardam’s military actions and tactics reveal his qualities as a capable ruler and commander. Through patience and persistence, he succeeded in overcoming both internal and external enemies, strengthening his own authority as well as the Bulgarian state. Thus, Bulgaria overcame the great crisis of the 8th century and entered the 9th century stronger and more united, ready for the great events and new challenges that lay ahead.

Kardam ruled from 777 to 802.