{"id":2187,"date":"2023-02-07T17:14:02","date_gmt":"2023-02-07T15:14:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dvornakirilicata.bg\/sf-eftimie-de-tarnovo\/"},"modified":"2023-09-07T18:48:18","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T15:48:18","slug":"sf-eftimie-de-tarnovo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dvornakirilicata.bg\/ro\/sf-eftimie-de-tarnovo\/","title":{"rendered":"Sf. Eftimie de T\u0103rnovo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><em>(\u043e\u043a. 1325-32 \u2013 \u043e\u043a. 1403)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dvornakirilicata.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/&#x441;&#x432;&#x435;&#x442;&#x438;-&#x435;&#x432;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43C;&#x438;&#x439;-&#x442;&#x44A;&#x440;&#x43D;&#x43E;&#x432;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-780\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<p>Laudele noastre s\u0103 tac\u0103, c\u0103ci numai Dumnezeu \u00eel laud\u0103, spun\u00e2nd: &#8221; Precum ciobanul cel bun \u00ee\u0219i d\u0103 \u0219i sufletul pentru oi &#8222;. Cu aceste cuvinte se \u00eencheie elogiul despre Eftimie de c\u0103tre Grigore \u021aamblac \u0219i prin aceste cuvinte pe scurt \u0219i exact se spune despre devotamentul Patriarhului bulgar fa\u021b\u0103 de poporul \u0219i credin\u021ba. Via\u021ba sa este povestit\u0103 mai ales \u00een scrierile ucenicilor \u0219i urma\u0219ilor . Se \u0219tie c\u0103 s-a n\u0103scut la T\u00e2rnovo \u0219i c\u0103 provenea din familia nobil\u0103 Tsamblak. Foarte t\u00e2n\u0103r a ales calea clerului, s-a c\u0103lug\u0103rit \u00een M\u0103n\u0103stirea \u201eSf\u00e2nta Fecioar\u0103 Ogriditia\u201d, iar apoi s-a mutat la M\u0103n\u0103stirea Kilifarev, unul dintre centrele isihasmului (o mi\u0219care spiritual\u0103 care exprim\u0103 un grad \u00eenalt de unire cu Dumnezeu). Acolo a fost \u00eendrumat de Teodosie de T\u0103rnovo, devenind adeptul lui, iar dup\u0103 moartea acestuia s-a stabilit \u00een Muntele Athos. Dup\u0103 o clevetire pe nedrept, a fost exilat pe insula Lemnos de c\u0103tre \u00eemp\u0103ratul bizantin, dar mai t\u00e2rziu a fost absolvit de orice vin\u0103.\u0219i a petrecut un timp \u00een M\u0103n\u0103stirea Zograf. . Se consider\u0103 c\u0103 acolo a \u00eenceput s\u0103 pun\u0103 bazele marii reforme culturale \u0219i de scris, pe care a realizat-o dup\u0103 \u00eentoarcerea sa \u00een ora\u0219ul natal (1371). \u00cen apropiere de T\u0103rnovo, Eftimie a \u00eentemeiat Biserica Sf . Treime&#8221;, unde a \u00eenceput existen\u021ba \u0218colii Literare de la T\u0103rnovo..<\/p>\n\n<p>Scopul reformei lui Eftimie a fost de a crea o ortografie bulgar\u0103 unic\u0103 , de a \u00eendep\u0103rta gre\u0219elile scribilor mai pu\u021bin pricepu\u021bi de p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci cu noi traduceri ale literaturii liturgice, de a ridica nivelul stilului de exprimare. Astfel a fost creat\u0103 &#8222;tricotarea cuvintelor&#8221; &#8211; arta de a \u00eempleti cuvintele, pentru care scrierile Sf. Eftimie \u0219i a ucenicilor s\u0103i. Opera sa include vie\u021bile sfin\u021bilor bulgari, inclusiv ale Sf. Ioan de Rila \u0219i Sf. Petka de la T\u0103rnovo, mai multe epistole \u0219i slujbe despre \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103teas\u0103 Teofana \u0219i Sf. Petka. \u00cen calitate de reprezentant al isihasmului, credin\u021ba superioar\u0103, clericul se lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva ereziilor \u0219i a declinului moral al clerului. Reforma sa a influen\u021bat \u00eentreaga lume ortodox\u0103 care scria \u00een chirilic\u0103 &#8211; Serbia, Valahia, Moldova, Principatele ruse\u0219ti. Mul\u021bi episcopi s-au au consultat cu Eftimie pentru interpretarea unor lucruri teologice \u0219i ecleziastice.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00cen momentul \u00een care \u0218coala de la T\u0103rnovo \u00ee\u0219i extindea activit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i dob\u00e2ndea o influen\u021b\u0103 mai mare, a avut loc cel mai important eveniment spiritual &#8211; Eftimie a fost ales pentru patriarh bulgar (1375), succed\u00e2ndu-i lui Ioannicius al II-lea. Dar conducerea sa ecleziastic\u0103 a coincis cu cea mai dificil\u0103 perioad\u0103 pentru comunitatea cre\u0219tin\u0103 bulgar\u0103 &#8211; invazia Imperiului Otoman \u00een Balcani. \u00cen ultimele zile ale celui de-al doilea stat bulgar s-a manifestat isprava p\u0103rintelui duhovnicesc. Grigore \u021aamblac poveste\u0219te despre aceasta \u00een via\u021ba sa de sf\u00e2nt. C\u00e2nd trupele turce\u0219ti au asediat capitala T\u0103rnovo, \u021barul Ivan \u0218i\u0219man se afla la fort\u0103rea\u021ba din Nikopol, iar patriarhul Eftimie a preluat ap\u0103rarea ora\u0219ului. El nu a luat parte la lupte, dar i-a \u00eencurajat \u0219i s-a rugat pentru solda\u021bii bulgari. Dup\u0103 c\u0103derea capitalei \u00een m\u00e2inile cuceritorilor (1393), patriarhul s-a mutat \u00een Biserica Sf. Petru \u0219i Pavel \u0219i \u0219i-a continuat activitatea spiritual\u0103 \u0219i literar\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dar noul conducator a decis s\u0103 le ia credin\u021ba oamenilor din T\u0103rnovo, omor\u00e2nd clericii lor . Grigore \u021aamblac face o relatare \u0219ocant\u0103 a acestui moment: &#8222;V\u0103z\u00e2nd 110 b\u0103rba\u021bi mode\u0219ti aduna\u021bi \u00eentr-un loc, iar acest uciga\u0219 \u00eensetat de s\u00e2nge i-a m\u0103cel\u0103rit \u00een mijlocul bisericii, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 se ru\u0219ina de p\u0103rul lor alb f\u0103r\u0103 a cru\u021ba tinere\u021bea lor !&#8221;. Aceea\u0219i sentin\u021b\u0103 \u00eel a\u0219teapt\u0103 pe Eftemie. El \u00eel \u00eenfrunt\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 team\u0103 pe tor\u021bionar, repro\u0219\u00e2ndu-i c\u0103 ar fi trebuit s\u0103-l sacrifice primul, c\u0103ci &#8222;p\u0103storul ar fi trebuit s\u0103 mearg\u0103 \u00eenaintea oilor \u0219i tat\u0103l \u00eenaintea copiilor s\u0103i!&#8221;. \u0218i \u00een acel moment s- a produs un miracol: &#8222;Dumnezeu a f\u0103cut m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 a uciga\u0219ului la fel de nemi\u0219cat\u0103 \u0219i inactiv\u0103 cum ne putem imagina m\u00e2inile moarte prinse de un cadavru viu \u0219i \u00een mi\u0219care.&#8221; Speria\u021bi, turcii din pia\u021b\u0103 fug, ca nu cumva m\u00e2nia lui Dumnezeu s\u0103-i ating\u0103, iar Eftimie \u00ee\u0219i a\u0219teapt\u0103 ultimele zile exilat, probabil \u00een m\u0103n\u0103stirea Bachkovo. \u00cen secolul al XV-lea, Biserica Ortodox\u0103 Bulgar\u0103 l-a proclamat sf\u00e2nt \u0219i a stabilit ziua de 20 ianuarie ca zi a vener\u0103rii lui, la care s-au al\u0103turat \u0219i alte biserici ortodoxe.<\/p>\n\n<p>*Monumentul Patriarhului Eftimie este opera sculptorului bulgar de renume mondial, prof. Boris Gondov. Opera sa include \u00een principal sculptur\u0103 monumental\u0103, monumente portret \u0219i sculptur\u0103 fin\u0103. Solu\u021biile sale creative originale se bazeaz\u0103 pe ideea de zbor al spiritului sau lipsa acestuia. Monumentul s\u0103u pentru mili\u0163ia macedonean\u0103-edrina este o femeie \u00een zbor, compozi\u021bia sa din Nagasaki se nume\u0219te &#8222;P\u0103s\u0103ri&#8221;, \u00eens\u0103 zeul comer\u021bului Mercur este cu capul gol. Prof. Gondov \u0219i-a prezentat deja omagiile fa\u021b\u0103 de Sf. Eftimie de T\u0103rnovo T\u00e2rnovo cu monumentul s\u0103u din Veliko T\u0103rnovo, iar \u00een Pliska lucrarea sa este monumentul \u021barului Boris I. De asemenea, a creat monumente pentru al\u021bi mari creatori bulgari, precum Aleko Konstantinov \u0219i Dame Gruev la Sofia, pentru Kolyo Ficheto la Dryanovo, Vladimir Dimitrov &#8211; maestrul din Kyustendil. \u00cen munc. Petrich este ridicat Monumentul memorial &#8222;Cetatea lui Samuil&#8221;. Lucr\u0103rileartistului sunt colec\u021biile galeriilor na\u021bionale de Sofia \u0219i de alte galerii din Bulgaria, de asemenea, \u0219i \u00een Art dialog din Paris. A c\u00e2\u0219tigat numeroase premii prestigioase.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(\u043e\u043a. 1325-32 \u2013 \u043e\u043a. 1403) Laudele noastre s\u0103 tac\u0103, c\u0103ci numai Dumnezeu \u00eel laud\u0103, spun\u00e2nd: &#8221; Precum ciobanul cel bun \u00ee\u0219i d\u0103 \u0219i sufletul pentru oi &#8222;. Cu aceste cuvinte se \u00eencheie elogiul despre Eftimie de c\u0103tre Grigore \u021aamblac \u0219i prin aceste cuvinte pe scurt \u0219i exact se spune despre devotamentul Patriarhului bulgar fa\u021b\u0103 de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1894,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65,67],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2187","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aleea-scriitorilor","category-bulgara"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Sf. 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